Iguana Media Project

Here's the media presentation to re-submit to Kiho since the last one was not up to snuff. Let me know what you think. I can always tinker with it some more if you don't love it.

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Article Summary

I just wrote this summary as I read the article. Beware of grammatical errors. We can take screen captures of most of the pictures (graphs) in the article for the powerpoint next week. I have also included a couple videos of marine iguanas swimming around and eating if we wanted to include it.

Severe Effects of Low-Level Oil Contamination on Wildlife Predicted by the Corticosterone-Stress Response: Preliminary Data and a Research Agenda

Scientists measured corticosterone as a way of quantifying stress levels in marine iguanas after the tanker “Jessica grounded”. Low amounts of oil in their main food source of marine algae killed off algae in the intestines of the marine iguanas leading to starvation, and ultimately death.

Corticosterone-Stress Response

Glucocorticoid is a steroid hormone released by all types of vertebrates when exposed to harmful or stressful stimuli. Corticosterone is the primary glucocorticoid in reptiles. In the short-term, glucocorticoids provide benefits allowing the animals to cope with various stressors. While these hormones are essential for survival, exposure to the glucocorticoid for an extended period of time can shut down the reproductive and immune systems.

Galapagos Marine Iguanas: A Case Study

Marine iguanas were chosen in this study to serve as a model species because so many of the island populations react differently to stressors but the iguanas see very sensitive. A single El Niño season can destroy 90% of their population from loss of algae due to warmer water temperatures for extended periods of time. Scientists measured levels of corticosterone immediately after capture and then again 15-30 minutes later. It takes a few minutes for corticosterone to be released so the first samples taken are assumed to be without the stress of capture.

The study did show increased corticosterone levels during El Niño seasons. Those with high levels were in poor body condition. The levels were different at each island because of how differently each island is affected by El Niño but the overall stress-induced corticosterone levels correlated with the predicted overall population health.

A Low-Level Oil Spill: High Wildlife Mortality Confirming the Stress Predictions

By coincidence, blood samples were taken 3 days before the oil tanker “Jessica” ran ashore. Samples were taken again 7 days after the spill to measure changes in corticosterone levels. Both baseline and post-capture levels of corticosterone were much higher than they were prior to “Jessica”. External oil patches on animals did not appear to correlate significantly in any way with corticosterone levels.

By using the mortality rates determined by corticosterone levels from the El Niño study, scientists predicted the mortality rates of iguanas after the oil spill. 40% mortality rate was expected but a year later, 62% had died. Due to the lack of immediate deaths, media reported that the spill was not that damaging, when in fact the damages were just taking longer to arise.

Further Research Needs

• “How are wildlife populations in diverse habitats affected by trace oil contaminations?”
• “What is the exact chain of causation that kills animals after low-level oil contamination, and is corticosterone playing a direct role?”
• “How good a predictor is the corticosterone stress response for survival in other animal populations?”

Summary and Conclusions

This study revealed the longer-term effects of oil spills. It also provided a functional corticosterone-to-survival relationship to help predict population health as well as the effects of human interference as a stressor.

Article for Monday's Assignment

Hey guys, the article that Ailey found for us to use can be accessed through Google. If you search:

"Severe Effects of Low-Level Oil Contamination on Wildlife Predicted by the Corticosterone-Stress Response: Preliminary Data and a Research Agenda"

you will be able to download the PDF. It is the 3rd or 4th link down.

Visual Representation of Our Project

Email from Allan Baer

Katherine,

I am not sure that you will find the 2003 Clean Energy Accord. Regarding
SolarQuest history, I can get to that soon. Please give a a few days - and
do remind me if you do not hear from me by the end of the week.

Allan

test test

Players Section

Players Section:
There are still questions to be answered, especially about coalitions and such. Maybe some of that will be answered by Irma, or else not until a later date. We may have to just state that we're still working on it. See you all at 11.


The Galapagos Islands are a unique entity, unlike any other in the world. As the islands were not home to any human settlements everyone that now lives on the island is an immigrant. However, there seems to be a clear distinction between Galapagueños who have lived on the islands for many decades and those more recent immigrants. As the Galapagos population exploded in the 1980s, 90s and 2000s, money became the primary motivator for new settlement. Previously, life on the Galapagos had been difficult, as the islands are extremely remote and lacking in many of the luxuries in life. Those who settled there before often enjoyed the ruggedness and wildness that the islands had to offer. This distinction is important to note, as the limited resources of the islands become depleted, there are different ideas about what should be done. In terms of pollution, many of these immigrants have brought with them non-native species, such as dogs, that have had a profound effect on local lizards. Also, with all these people comes trash. There is no place for trash to go on the Galapagos, as is evident by the trash strewn about the island and in the ocean.
There are several important players in the islands. The local government, including the mayors, holds a large amount of sway over the actions taken in their respective towns. The Galapagos governor is the key federal authority on the islands. The President of Ecuador, Rafael Correa, of course has some authority on the islands. In addition, there are local groups that wield power, such as the fisherman, tour boat operators and the Navy. It still needs to be determined exactly where each group falls in terms of their position to a particular issue. President Correa has recently pledged to make the islands Fossil Fuel free by 2015, so we hope that his intentions are true. When it comes down to it, each group will look after their own best interests, thus it is important to frame the conversation in a way in which their interests are addressed in a positive way for them and the environment.

Problem Statement- Ben

Humans have introduced pollution in various forms to the Galapagos Islands since westerners first came to the island centuries ago. As more non-native species have settled on the island, the amount of pollution has grown immensely, as has their affect on the islands native ecosystem. Our group intends to study the effect that pollution has played on the ecosystem, and what are some solutions to this problem. We will focus on solutions such as renewable energy and recycling, among others.